A membrane-electrode assembly, containing catalyst layers each containing an electrode catalyst on both sides of an electrolyte membrane, in which at least one of the catalyst layers comprises a non-noble metal-based electrode catalyst, and in which the electrolyte membrane is a hydrocarbon-based…

Provided is a carbon catalyst having an improved activity. The carbon catalyst is obtained by: (S1) carbonizing raw materials containing an organic compound as a carbon source, a metal, and an electrically conductive carbon material to produce a carbonized material; (S2) impregnating the carbonized…

An anode catalyst contains gold fine particles, and/or at least one member selected from the group consisting of titanium, vanadium, gallium, zirconium, niobium, cerium, tantalum, indium, and the oxides of these metals, and/or at least one member selected from the group consisting of platinum…