Map of the Aleutian Arc in Alaska and the Andreanof study area. The lower map shows where ocean-bottom seismometers and land seismic stations recorded sound waves from an active-source seismic experiment conducted aboard the R/V _Marcus G. Langseth_ , allowing the authors to image the deep structure of the arc crust beneath several Aleutian volcanoes. The black lines show the _Langseth_ ship…

An artistic rendering of early Earth during the Hadean eon shows a surface shaped by frequent impacts, localized melting, and regions with persistent liquid water. Neither entirely hellish nor tranquil, early Earth was a dynamic environment frequently transformed by impact bombardment. Credit: SwRI/Simone Marchi

Installation of a USMTArray site in southern California in 2019. A central data logger (pictured) records electric and magnetic field variations at each site. Field personnel monitor initial data prior to leaving an instrument to record unattended for about 3 weeks. Credit: Kristin Pratscher

Italy’s Larderello region hosts geothermal power plants that take advantage of abundant heat from beneath the ground—now known to come from a massive magma reservoir. Credit: DarioStaccioli90/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

The Turkana Rift Zone is home to large deposits of fossils, including the Lothagam site, above, which sits amid sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Credit: Christian Rowan

As part of the Southern Array for the Lithosphere and Uplift of Taiwan Experiment (SALUTE), researchers deployed a seismic station near the Taidrengere Important Wetland in the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan, at about 2,122 meters above sea level. Sites like this one require 2–3 days of hiking to reach. Credit: Kuan-Cheng Peng

U.S. Geological Survey work party in a fumarolic area near Crater Rock, Mount Hood, Oregon. Credit: Ingebritsen et al. [2026], Figure 4c

Drilling takes place in 2014 at Lake Magadi, a playa lake in southern Kenya along the East African Rift, during the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project. The project collected cores to help scientists understand the environmental conditions in which humans evolved. Evaporating water leaves behind trona crystals (foreground) on the lake bed. Credit: Robin Renaut

Roughly 260 million years ago, China’s Mount Emei was the site of prodigious volcanism. Credit: Jiaheng Shen

Major tectonic features within the North American midcontinent. The red and purple stars mark the locations of the Illinois-Kentucky Fluorspar District, with igneous intrusions at around 270 million years ago (Ma), and the Lake Ellen (Michigan) kimberlites with an age of 186-206 Ma. The inset diagram shows the geometry and Carboniferous faulting along the Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone. IB, MB, and WB…

This 3D X-ray tomographic image reveals the internal structure of the quartz (Arkansas novaculite) prior to deformation. The elongated shape of many voids likely reflects a pre-existing compression direction inherited from the rock’s geological history. Their distribution is important because such microstructural features can influence how the rock deforms under high pressure and temperature.…