Most climate models set the concentration of methane for long-term simulations. Example concentrations are shown for two seasons: (a) December, January, and February and (b) June, July, and August. This study instead drives the simulations with regionally varying emissions, which leads to sharper gradients in atmospheric concentrations of methane for (c) December, January, and February, and (d)…

Map of the Aleutian Arc in Alaska and the Andreanof study area. The lower map shows where ocean-bottom seismometers and land seismic stations recorded sound waves from an active-source seismic experiment conducted aboard the R/V _Marcus G. Langseth_ , allowing the authors to image the deep structure of the arc crust beneath several Aleutian volcanoes. The black lines show the _Langseth_ ship…

A comparison of modeled and observed soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for three commonly used soil biogeochemistry models (a-c). Each panel reports model performance metrics generated with “default” model parameters and with parameters informed by observations (“fitted”). While model performance tends to increase with fitted parameters, all three models poorly predicted SOC stocks in Sub-Saharan…

Corona Heights fault, California. (a) Whole outcrop view. The inset corresponds to the surface shown on (c). (b) Zoom on the fault showing different segments constituting the surface. (c, d) Map of fault surfaces scanned using LiDAR. The inset in (c) corresponds to the patch shown on (d). Credit: Candela et al. [2011], Figure 2(a-d)

(a) Map view of the Gonghe Basin. The upper left inset shows the location of the Gonghe Basin in the broader Tibetan Plateau (red square). Cyan circles show epicenters of earthquakes during January 2009–July 2021 collected from the National Earthquake Data Center (NEDC). Beachballs represent focal mechanisms that mark M≥ 5 aftershocks of the 26 April 1990 Ms 7.0 event (compiled from Diao et al.,…

The location of the modeled transect at Allt Dubh that contains many of the topographic features typical of blanket peatlands. These features affect the movement and storage of water (complex concave and convex slopes and depressions) that make it suitable for testing Tom Winter’s conceptual model (Winter, 2000). Credit: Baird et al. [2026], Figure 1

Deformation bands, Aneth oil field, San Juan County, Utah. Credit: Utah Geological Survey

Mélange and bounding faults of Punta Prieta Ridge, Cedros Island, Mexico. The higher-grade, blueschist (bsch) blocks were eroded and recycled back into the subduction trench as sedimentary debris before being reburied. Credit: Wang et al. [2026], Figure 6b

Earth observation of aurorae taken from the International Space Station. Credit: NASA

Experimental setup: A 16-meter-long, 1-meter-wide flume with a 1.5% slope (sketch top, photo bottom). The study investigated entrainment from a mixed bed (4–32-millimeter diameter), using a light table at the flume’s downstream end to record particle count statistics for model validation. Credit: Chartrand [2026], Figure 5

Maps of the (a) study region and (b) locations of the DTS and DAS cables and borehole; and (c) a photo of the embankment road in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. These observations were used to build and test a digital twin of near-surface permafrost conditions. Credit: Gou et al. [2026], Figure 4

Artist depiction of the European Space Agency Mars Express spacecraft. Credit: JPL/NASA/ESA

Illustration of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE-FO) satellites in orbit. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Groundwater level and storage trends in the headwater catchments of Victoria, Austalia. Credit: Zhang et al. [2026], Figure 1

Drifting snow driven by strong winds promotes the formation of wind-deposited landforms (sharp, irregular ridges) increasing the surface roughness. Credit: Zheng et al. [2026], Figure 11b

Spatial patterns of the leading EOF mode of day-to-day temperature variability over Eurasia and North America for different seasons during 1961–2014, based on the HadGHCND dataset. Explained variance is indicated in each panel. Credit: Modified from Liu and Fu [2026], Figure 2(a,d,g,j)

Credit: HAI DAO, Pixabay

Credit: DeRosevere, Pixabay

This schematic of the receiver plane illustrates the definition of the laser deflection angle and the laser transverse displacement. The ideal laser beam should be parallel to the z-axis and pass through the intersection point of the x- and y-axis. However, when the real laser beam passes through the space plasma, it generates a deflection of the laser direction (red dashed line) and a…

Combined flow in the 11-meter-long flume of the Experimental Sedimentology Laboratory, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin. Credit: D. Mohrig

Credit: Findley Watt, Adobe Stock

Satellite image of the Camp Fire about 90 miles north of Sacramento, California on November 8, 2018. Credit: NASA

Ice flowing through mountainous topography at Morteratsch Glacier in Switzerland. Credit: Ann Rowan

This map of the Amazon Basin shows how clouds (yellow and green areas) blanket the land but disappear over the rivers (dark purple lines). This sharp contrast is caused by the "river breeze," a natural airflow driven by the cooler water that prevents clouds from forming directly above the river channels. Credit: Christensen et al. [2026], Figure 2a

The figure shows the main occupations of the participants in the ATRAP project. Credit: Ashepet et al. [2026], Figure 2

Credit: NASA

Illustration of the effect of the assimilation of a single observation taken at a middle vertical level of the atmosphere. The gold star marks the location of the observation. The color shades indicate the information provided by the observation about the atmospheric state at the different locations (a and b) at the same vertical level and (c) near the earth’s surface. Credit: Melinc et al.…

Sagarmatha national park in Nepal. Credit: Rohit Tandon, Unsplash

(a) Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 1233 (red circle) is located on the slope of the Chile Margin within (b) the modern South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), which is the region of lowest geomagnetic field intensity at Earth’s surface. Further locations of sedimentary paleomagnetic records from the SAA are shown in red dots. Credit: Liu et al. [2026], Figure 1

Credit: Dave Hoefler, Unsplash